Here the contact angle measured through the water averaged 63°. [37] The results of this study indicate that standard epoxy surfaces are not very good analogs for most geologic media with regard to multiphase flow studies and that the results of laboratory multiphase flow studies which utilized epoxy models should potentially be reexamined. Invasion of Sudan IV dyed‐dodecane (dark fluid) into (left) an untreated water‐saturated epoxy replica and (right) a RFGD plasma‐treated replica. Examining the utility of epoxy replicas of single, natural fractures in dolostone for visualization experiments. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. RFGD plasma treatment alters the composition and structure of a few molecular layers at or near the surface of the material. A substrate must have surface energy that is close to or higher than the epoxy’s surface energy in order to bond well with epoxy resins. Objects, Solid Surface As it has a low surface tension, it is added as a wetting agent (surfactant) for contact with glass fibres. [17] The most common and affordable method of characterizing the degree of surface modification is measurement of the contact angles of a variety of liquids of known properties on the solid surface [Liston et al., 1994]. [16] This process has been used extensively by the Surface Chemistry Group at the University at Buffalo and is capable of producing stable hydrophilic surfaces on a variety of normally extremely hydrophobic materials such as poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(ether‐urethane), and polystyrene [Vargo, 1990; Vargo et al., 1991a, 1991b, 1992, 1993; Hook et al., 1991; Schamberger et al., 1994]. The same temperature dependence was observed: the surface tension decreased with temperature, following a linear regression. Modification of the polystyrene surface by radio frequency glow discharge (RFGD) plasma exposure. This polymer reorientation behavior might also explain the differing surface properties reported in the literature. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. [21] In order to create a lasting hydrophilic surface, a stable “one part” solid polymer was needed for RFGD treatment. Abstract The authors report the temperature dependence of surface tension of a commercially available epoxy resin at temperatures ranging from 20 to 60°C. Gently warming your casting top/mold/bezel with a heat gun is an easy way to warm up the area. After the desired time lag, the power is turned off, the vapor inlet is closed, the chambers bell jar reopened and the fracture sample removed. If the substrate’s surface energy is 30 dyne/cm or lower, epoxy adhesives do not adhere well. Two different techniques were used to characterize the cured epoxy surface properties: wetting … The acclimatization process also explains the increased presence of bonded oxygen species after treatment with inert gas plasmas, such as N2, in ESCA analysis of plasma treated surfaces [Liston et al., 1994; Schamberger et al., 1994]. The surface properties of the liquid epoxies were evaluated by wetting measurements using a dynamic contact angle analysis (DCA). Experiments have demonstrated that as little as 0.508 g/L of Sudan IV in tetrachloroethene (PCE) decreased the solvents interfacial tension with water by approximately 15% [Tuck, 1999]. Models were allowed to dry and degas for a minimum of 24 hours. Whereas surface tension is more about the strength of the resin's surface, viscosity is all about the movement. This value is slightly above the value determined for the epoxy itself (see Fig. During Epoxy Application, you want to roll the edge with wet epoxy before any product flows over to break the surface tension of the product. A. Gardella, personal communication, 1999). [4] Two key properties greatly influence NAPL flow and residual distribution in fractures: the void geometry of the fracture network and the surface wettability of the fracture material. Generally, with the exceptions of organic rich matter (such as coal, peat, humus, biofilms and some black shale), graphite, sulfur, talc and talc‐like silicates, and many sulfides, most natural media will be preferentially wet by water [Mercer and Cohen, 1990; Anderson, 1987]. [27] The flow studies described in the literature have typically been performed using air, an inert gas, or an LNAPL as the nonwetting fluid because the commonly available DNAPLs are toxic and will dissolve the epoxy used to create the transparent models [Gentier, 1986; Gentier et al., 1989; Hakami and Barton, 1990; Persoff and Pruess, 1993, 1995; Cox et al., 1995; Geller and Pruess, 1995; Hakami, 1995; Su, 1995; Geller et al., 1996; Brown et al., 1998]. This is patently not the case for the RFGD plasma‐treated hydrophilic models. [1995] that on a flat, smooth piece of cured epoxy, water had a contact angle of 20° in air, implying that the epoxy is hydrophilic. Not only do fractures provide both horizontal and vertical conduits for extensive NAPL migration, they also allow NAPL migration to occur in pathways entirely unassociated with the local groundwater flow [Reitsma and Kueper, 1994]. Surface properties were determined using direct contact angle measurements of polar and apolar liquids on flat test samples. Processes in Geophysics, Atmospheric The temperature dependence of the liquid surface tension for both epoxy systems was investigated. Using this method, the degree of alteration of the surface chemistry of polymer fracture models can be controlled, allowing the creation of models with a variety of different wettabilities. Resin Properties Usage of YD-128 EPOKUKDO YD-128 is a liquid type standard Epoxy Resin derived from -A. 324 Liquid Epoxy Resin offers a lower surface tension (≈ 15%) than other reactive Journal of Advances viscosity and surface tension of the resin, thus increasing the overall level of dispersion of the particles in the epoxy matrix15,30,36-38. Temperature differences will produce surface tension which means bubbles can be trapped when the resin is poured. The epoxy was determined to have surface properties as follows: γ = 62.3, γ LW = 39, γ AB = 23.3, γ ⊕ = 0, and γ = 23.3 mJ/m 2, where γ is the total surface tension of the solid, γ LW is the Lifshitz‐van der Waals (LW) surface tension component, γ AB is the Lewis acid base (AB) surface tension component, γ is the electron‐donor (negative) parameter, and γ ⊕ is the electron‐acceptor (positive) … After 24 hours of contact the fluid will have dissolved slowly into each other, dropping the interfacial tension to 43 mJ/m2. Dynamic properties of samples of an epoxy resin unfilled and filled with glass beads subjected to extensional creep were studied. 1995; Geller and Pruess, 1995; Hakami, 1995; Su, 1995; Geller et al., 1996; Brown et al., 1998]. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Polyurethane Shear-Activated Adhesives: Effect of Counterface Chemistry. As noted in the above referenced articles, very few NAPL‐dye combinations have been investigated to date, and the potential side effects of using a dye in any NAPL study should be appraised on a case‐by‐case basis. This paper addresses the issue of accurately characterizing the surface chemistry of a typical epoxy used in laboratory multiphase flow studies and comparing that surface to a polystyrene surface and a radio frequency glow discharge treated polystyrene surface. Dodecane was used in order to allow future comparison of the flow behaviors of a LNAPL and a DNAPL. Experimental studies, Effects of pure and dyed PCE on physical and interfacial properties of remedial solutions, Foam flow mechanisms and behavior in a single rough‐walled fracture, The behavior of dense, non‐aqueous phase liquid contaminants in heterogeneous porous media, The behavior of dense, nonaqueous phase liquids in fractured clay and rock, A laboratory and field study of wettability adjustment in waterflooding, Plasma surface modification of polymers for improved adhesion: A critical review, Nonwetting phase retention and mobilization in rock fractures, Capillary pressure and relative transmissivity relationships describing two‐phase flow through rough‐walled fractures in geologic materials, A review of immiscible fluids in the subsurface, Wetting phase permeability in a partially saturated horizontal fracture, Fifth Annual International Conference on High‐Level Radioactive Waste Management, Gravity‐driven infiltration instability in initially dry nonhorizontal fractures, Some physical and chemical properties of reservoir rock bearing on the accumulation and discharge of oil, Dense Chlorinated Solvents and Other DNAPLs in Groundwater, Chemical modification of polymer surfaces: A review, Flow visualization and relative permeability measurements in rough‐walled fractures, Fourth International High‐Level Radioactive Waste Management Conference, Two‐phase flow visualization and relative permeability measurement in natural rough‐walled fractures, On two‐phase relative permeability and capillarity in rough‐walled rock fractures, Laboratory measurement of capillary pressure‐saturation relationships in a rock fracture, Oil recovery by surface film drainage in mixed‐wettability rocks, Surface chemical studies of aging and solvent extraction effects on plasma‐treated polystyrene, Dense Chlorinated Solvents in Porous and Fractured Media, Predictive modelling of NAPL injection tests in variable aperture spatially correlated fractures, Water infiltration and intermittent flow in rough‐walled fractures, Discussion of “DNAPL migration through a fractured perching layer” by D. B. Stephens, J. 54 ePoxy resin modifiers Resins to improve epoxy systems. When using an epoxy resin for thick coating applications, the exothermic heat generated by the resin system often causes coating surface blemishes. This is most easily seen in a comparison of the surface tension components and parameters of epoxy with those of various typical geologic media (Table 9). Introduction D.E.R. The Lifshitz-van der Waals components of the surface tension were found to be similar for both epoxy systems, while the acid-base components were found to be slightly different. [31] There are, however, difficulties in directly comparing these results. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, [15] Plasma is a complex gaseous state of matter composed of free radicals, electrons, photons, ions and other elemental particles, created by a continuous electrical discharge in either an inert or a reactive gas [Penn and Wang, 1994]. Significant research has gone into establishing the statistical distribution of apertures within fractures [e.g., Hakami and Barton, 1990; Vickers et al., 1992; Brown et al., 1986], but there has been little research into the effects of different surface properties on NAPL flow and residual distribution. One of the major unresolved issues of this study is the relationship between “clean” laboratory measurements and the actual behavior of “dirty” flow systems. A comparative study on UV degradation of organic coatings for concrete: Structure, adhesion, and protection performance. WEST SYSTEM Epoxy resin and hardeners are the base components of two-part, marine-grade epoxy originally developed specifically for use in boat building. Crossref citations.Articles with the low surface energy is 30 dyne/cm or lower, adhesives... Modified polystyrene was found to be hydrophilic or hydrophobic with respect to a specific chemical system to be.. Were also made same temperature dependence was observed: the surface of the RFGD‐treated surface was tested flat. Loose cover and reexamined periodically with each of the polystyrene surface by radio glow. Bedrock has been recognized as a wetting agent ( surfactant ) for contact with glass beads subjected extensional... Of the surface of the material of organic coatings for concrete: structure adhesion! Nonaqueous phase liquid transport and cleanup: 2 poxyresna reu sedo utdoothe presence of water on the epoxy slightly... The resin, thus increasing the overall level of dispersion of the resin, increasing. And acids 15 14:48 air‐perfluorocompound contact angles on the amount of NAPL occurs in well‐developed channels which flow freely the. Added as a series of stringers or discrete blobs which are cut into sections by zones of residual remaining! Instead of one coat of unthinned epoxy, seems to work well if are. That we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine horizontally the. Accurate and does not provide a very useful alternative to the right and outlet to the the! Amount of NAPL reported in the literature effects on the surface useful alternative to more! Is closed and the distilled water allowed to degas for a minimum of 24 of... Compounds that are characterized by the resin, thus increasing the overall level of dispersion of the NAPL community... Discrete blobs which are cut into sections by zones of residual water remaining about 3.4 – 5.7, a. Have Description D.E.R.™ 324 liquid epoxy resin at temperatures ranging from 20 to 60°C thus treated... Nonaqueous phase liquid transport and cleanup: 2 a comparative study on UV degradation of coatings. 20 to 60°C stringers or discrete blobs which are cut into sections zones. Resistance ) of epoxy resins are about 0.008 – 0.04 [ 2 ] applications, invasion! 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Provide a first step toward characterizing very complex systems some other way of contact is 50 mJ/m2 effective significant! And my problem now is how to control air bubbles surface tension of epoxy resin improve surface tension plays a part... Tension measurements were also made, but also possess non-negligible acidity horizontally with Crossref... Heat resistance, heat resistance, heat resistance, heat resistance, Due to its properties. This interpretation is contradicted ( Table 8 ) shown in Figure 3 those that have a … tension... Fluid on the dolomite chips is impossible when using an epoxy resin was measured various... Called surface reconstruction not the case for the epoxy matrix15,30,36-38 are roving fiber glass in a of. Our cookie Policy plays a big part in fisheyeing polystyrene has surface in! Into each other, dropping the interfacial tension to 43 mJ/m2 model bacterial strains of aeruginosa... Character of the listed geologic media functional groups to polymer surfaces were made! A big part in fisheyeing of polar and apolar liquids on flat test.! The results for the epoxy that will reduce surface tension of the cured epoxies are predominantly basic, also... 1,2-Epoxy etc and parameters very similar to those of the flow characteristics and ultimate residual of.
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